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This module implements some useful functions on pathnames. To read orwrite files see open(), and for accessing the filesystem see theos module.

Mac OS X doesn’t have an obvious way to view the exact text based path to a folder (otherwise known as a directory) in the finder window. You can have it show a graphical path, but getting just the text based path to a directory (for use in the Terminal for example) requires a couple of extra steps.

Note

On Windows, many of these functions do not properly support UNC pathnames.splitunc() and ismount() do handle them correctly.

Unlike a unix shell, Python does not do any automatic path expansions.Functions such as expanduser() and expandvars() can be invokedexplicitly when an application desires shell-like path expansion. (See alsothe glob module.)

Note

Since different operating systems have different path name conventions, thereare several versions of this module in the standard library. Theos.path module is always the path module suitable for the operatingsystem Python is running on, and therefore usable for local paths. However,you can also import and use the individual modules if you want to manipulatea path that is always in one of the different formats. They all have thesame interface:

• posixpath for UNIX-style paths

• ntpath for Windows paths

• macpath for old-style MacOS paths

• os2emxpath for OS/2 EMX paths

os.path.abspath(path)¶

Vlc mac media information. Return a normalized absolutized version of the pathname path. On mostplatforms, this is equivalent to calling the function normpath() asfollows: normpath(join(os.getcwd(),path)).

os.path.basename(path)¶

Return the base name of pathname path. This is the second element of thepair returned by passing path to the function split(). Note thatthe result of this function is differentfrom the Unix basename program; where basename for'/foo/bar/' returns 'bar', the basename() function returns anempty string (').

Fonts, Keychains, Services), so there's just a bunch of files there. There's a Preferences folder, a Caches folder, an Application Support folder, etc) with files/subfolders per application (or system component, or whatever). https://caeclemdopec.tistory.com/2. Some resource types are available to many or all programs (e.g.

os.path.commonprefix(list)¶

Return the longest path prefix (taken character-by-character) that is a prefixof all paths in list. If list is empty, return the empty string (').Note that this may return invalid paths because it works a character at a time.

os.path.dirname(path)¶

Return the directory name of pathname path. This is the first element ofthe pair returned by passing path to the function split().

os.path.exists(path)¶

Return True if path refers to an existing path. Returns False forbroken symbolic links. On some platforms, this function may return False ifpermission is not granted to execute os.stat() on the requested file, evenif the path physically exists.

os.path.lexists(path)¶

Return True if path refers to an existing path. Returns True forbroken symbolic links. Equivalent to exists() on platforms lackingos.lstat().

New in version 2.4.

os.path.expanduser(path)¶

On Unix and Windows, return the argument with an initial component of ~ or~user replaced by that user’s home directory.

On Unix, an initial ~ is replaced by the environment variable HOMEif it is set; otherwise the current user’s home directory is looked up in thepassword directory through the built-in module pwd. An initial ~useris looked up directly in the password directory.

On Windows, HOME and USERPROFILE will be used if set,otherwise a combination of HOMEPATH and HOMEDRIVE will beused. An initial ~user is handled by stripping the last directory componentfrom the created user path derived above.

If the expansion fails or if the path does not begin with a tilde, the path isreturned unchanged.

os.path.expandvars(path)¶

Return the argument with environment variables expanded. Substrings of the form$name or ${name} are replaced by the value of environment variablename. Malformed variable names and references to non-existing variables areleft unchanged.

On Windows, %name% expansions are supported in addition to $name and${name}.

os.path.getatime(path)¶

Return the time of last access of path. The return value is a number givingthe number of seconds since the epoch (see the time module). Raiseos.error if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.

Changed in version 2.3: If os.stat_float_times() returns True, the result is a floating pointnumber.

os.path.getmtime(path)¶

Return the time of last modification of path. The return value is a numbergiving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the time module).Raise os.error if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.

Changed in version 2.3: If os.stat_float_times() returns True, the result is a floating pointnumber.

os.path.getctime(path)¶

Return the system’s ctime which, on some systems (like Unix) is the time of thelast metadata change, and, on others (like Windows), is the creation time for path.The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (seethe time module). Raise os.error if the file does not exist oris inaccessible.

Mac how to show user library folder. During these challenging times, we guarantee we will work tirelessly to support you. Thank you to our community and to all of our readers who are working to aid others in this time of crisis, and to all of those who are making personal sacrifices for the good of their communities. We will continue to give you accurate and timely information throughout the crisis, and we will deliver on our mission — to help everyone in the world learn how to do anything — no matter what. But we are also encouraged by the stories of our readers finding help through our site.

os.path.getsize(path)¶

Return the size, in bytes, of path. Raise os.error if the file doesnot exist or is inaccessible.

New in version 1.5.2.

os.path.isabs(path)¶

Return True if path is an absolute pathname. On Unix, that means itbegins with a slash, on Windows that it begins with a (back)slash after choppingoff a potential drive letter.

os.path.isfile(path)¶

Return True if path is an existing regular file. This follows symboliclinks, so both islink() and isfile() can be true for the same path.

os.path.isdir(path)¶

Return True if path is an existing directory. This follows symboliclinks, so both islink() and isdir() can be true for the same path.

os.path.islink(path)¶

Return True if path refers to a directory entry that is a symbolic link.Always False if symbolic links are not supported by the Python runtime.

os.path.ismount(path)¶

Return True if pathname path is a mount point: a point in a filesystem where a different file system has been mounted. The function checkswhether path’s parent, path/., is on a different device than path,or whether path/. and path point to the same i-node on the samedevice — this should detect mount points for all Unix and POSIX variants.

os.path.join(path, *paths)¶

Join one or more path components intelligently. The return value is theconcatenation of path and any members of *paths with exactly onedirectory separator (os.sep) following each non-empty part except thelast, meaning that the result will only end in a separator if the lastpart is empty. If a component is an absolute path, all previouscomponents are thrown away and joining continues from the absolute pathcomponent.

On Windows, the drive letter is not reset when an absolute path component(e.g., r'foo') is encountered. If a component contains a driveletter, all previous components are thrown away and the drive letter isreset. Note that since there is a current directory for each drive,os.path.join('c:','foo') represents a path relative to the currentdirectory on drive C: (c:foo), not c:foo.

os.path.normcase(path)¶

Normalize the case of a pathname. On Unix and Mac OS X, this returns thepath unchanged; on case-insensitive filesystems, it converts the path tolowercase. On Windows, it also converts forward slashes to backward slashes.

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os.path.normpath(path)¶

Normalize a pathname by collapsing redundant separators and up-levelreferences so that A//B, A/B/, A/./B and A/foo/./B allbecome A/B. This string manipulation may change the meaning of a paththat contains symbolic links. On Windows, it converts forward slashes tobackward slashes. To normalize case, use normcase().

How To Set Path In Python

os.path.realpath(path)¶

Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating any symboliclinks encountered in the path (if they are supported by the operating system).

os.path.relpath(path[, start])¶

Return a relative filepath to path either from the current directory orfrom an optional start directory. This is a path computation: thefilesystem is not accessed to confirm the existence or nature of path orstart.

start defaults to os.curdir.

Availability: Windows, Unix.

New in version 2.6.

os.path.samefile(path1, path2)¶

Return True if both pathname arguments refer to the same file or directory(as indicated by device number and i-node number). Raise an exception if anos.stat() call on either pathname fails.

Availability: Unix.

os.path.sameopenfile(fp1, fp2)¶

Return True if the file descriptors fp1 and fp2 refer to the same file.

Availability: Unix.

os.path.samestat(stat1, stat2)¶

Return True if the stat tuples stat1 and stat2 refer to the same file.These structures may have been returned by os.fstat(),os.lstat(), or os.stat(). This function implements theunderlying comparison used by samefile() and sameopenfile().

Availability: Unix.

os.path.split(path)¶

Split the pathname path into a pair, (head,tail) where tail is thelast pathname component and head is everything leading up to that. Thetail part will never contain a slash; if path ends in a slash, tailwill be empty. If there is no slash in path, head will be empty. Ifpath is empty, both head and tail are empty. Trailing slashes arestripped from head unless it is the root (one or more slashes only). Inall cases, join(head,tail) returns a path to the same location as path(but the strings may differ). Also see the functions dirname() andbasename().

os.path.splitdrive(path)¶

Split the pathname path into a pair (drive,tail) where drive is eithera drive specification or the empty string. On systems which do not use drivespecifications, drive will always be the empty string. In all cases, drive+tail will be the same as path.

os.path.splitext(path)¶

Split the pathname path into a pair (root,ext) such that root+extpath, and ext is empty or begins with a period and contains at most oneperiod. Leading periods on the basename are ignored; splitext('.cshrc')returns ('.cshrc',').

Changed in version 2.6: Earlier versions could produce an empty root when the only period was thefirst character.

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os.path.splitunc(path)¶

Split the pathname path into a pair (unc,rest) so that unc is the UNCmount point (such as r'hostmount'), if present, and rest the rest ofthe path (such as r'pathfile.ext'). For paths containing drive letters,unc will always be the empty string.

Availability: Windows.

os.path.walk(path, visit, arg)¶

Calls the function visit with arguments (arg,dirname,names) for eachdirectory in the directory tree rooted at path (including path itself, if itis a directory). The argument dirname specifies the visited directory, theargument names lists the files in the directory (gotten fromos.listdir(dirname)). The visit function may modify names to influencethe set of directories visited below dirname, e.g. to avoid visiting certainparts of the tree. (The object referred to by names must be modified inplace, using del or slice assignment.)

Note

Symbolic links to directories are not treated as subdirectories, and thatwalk() therefore will not visit them. To visit linked directories you mustidentify them with os.path.islink(file) and os.path.isdir(file), andinvoke walk() as necessary.

Note

This function is deprecated and has been removed in Python 3 in favor ofos.walk().

os.path.supports_unicode_filenames¶

Mac Os Python Library Path Windows

True if arbitrary Unicode strings can be used as file names (within limitationsimposed by the file system).

Author

Bob Savage <bobsavage@mac.com>

Python on a Macintosh running Mac OS X is in principle very similar to Python onany other Unix platform, but there are a number of additional features such asthe IDE and the Package Manager that are worth pointing out.

4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython¶

Mac OS X 10.8 comes with Python 2.7 pre-installed by Apple. If you wish, youare invited to install the most recent version of Python 3 from the Pythonwebsite (https://www.python.org). A current “universal binary” build of Python,which runs natively on the Mac’s new Intel and legacy PPC CPU’s, is availablethere.

What you get after installing is a number of things:

• A Python3.8 folder in your Applications folder. In hereyou find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of officialPython distributions; PythonLauncher, which handles double-clicking Pythonscripts from the Finder; and the “Build Applet” tool, which allows you topackage Python scripts as standalone applications on your system.

• A framework /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework, which includes thePython executable and libraries. The installer adds this location to your shellpath. To uninstall MacPython, you can simply remove these three things. Asymlink to the Python executable is placed in /usr/local/bin/.

The Apple-provided build of Python is installed in/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework and /usr/bin/python,respectively. You should never modify or delete these, as they areApple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-party software. Remember thatif you choose to install a newer Python version from python.org, you will havetwo different but functional Python installations on your computer, so it willbe important that your paths and usages are consistent with what you want to do.

IDLE includes a help menu that allows you to access Python documentation. If youare completely new to Python you should start reading the tutorial introductionin that document.

If you are familiar with Python on other Unix platforms you should read thesection on running Python scripts from the Unix shell.

4.1.1. How to run a Python script¶

Your best way to get started with Python on Mac OS X is through the IDLEintegrated development environment, see section The IDE and use the Help menuwhen the IDE is running.

If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command line or fromthe Finder you first need an editor to create your script. Mac OS X comes with anumber of standard Unix command line editors, vim andemacs among them. If you want a more Mac-like editor,BBEdit or TextWrangler from Bare Bones Software (seehttp://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html) are good choices, as isTextMate (see https://macromates.com/). Other editors includeGvim (http://macvim-dev.github.io/macvim/) and Aquamacs(http://aquamacs.org/).

To run your script from the Terminal window you must make sure that/usr/local/bin is in your shell search path.

To run your script from the Finder you have two options:

• Drag it to PythonLauncher

• Select PythonLauncher as the default application to open yourscript (or any .py script) through the finder Info window and double-click it.PythonLauncher has various preferences to control how your script islaunched. Option-dragging allows you to change these for one invocation, or useits Preferences menu to change things globally.

4.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI¶

With older versions of Python, there is one Mac OS X quirk that you need to beaware of: programs that talk to the Aqua window manager (in other words,anything that has a GUI) need to be run in a special way. Use pythonwinstead of python to start such scripts.

With Python 3.8, you can use either python or pythonw.

4.1.3. Configuration¶

Python on OS X honors all standard Unix environment variables such asPYTHONPATH, but setting these variables for programs started from theFinder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your .profile or.cshrc at startup. You need to create a file~/.MacOSX/environment.plist. See Apple’s Technical Document QA1067 fordetails.

For more information on installation Python packages in MacPython, see sectionInstalling Additional Python Packages.

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4.2. The IDE¶

MacPython ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A goodintroduction to using IDLE can be found athttp://www.hashcollision.org/hkn/python/idle_intro/index.html.

4.3. Installing Additional Python Packages¶

There are several methods to install additional Python packages:

• Packages can be installed via the standard Python distutils mode (pythonsetup.pyinstall).

• Many packages can also be installed via the setuptools extensionor pip wrapper, see https://pip.pypa.io/.

4.4. GUI Programming on the Mac¶

There are several options for building GUI applications on the Mac with Python.

PyObjC is a Python binding to Apple’s Objective-C/Cocoa framework, which isthe foundation of most modern Mac development. Information on PyObjC isavailable from https://pypi.org/project/pyobjc/.

The standard Python GUI toolkit is tkinter, based on the cross-platformTk toolkit (https://www.tcl.tk). An Aqua-native version of Tk is bundled with OSX by Apple, and the latest version can be downloaded and installed fromhttps://www.activestate.com; it can also be built from source.

wxPython is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively onMac OS X. Packages and documentation are available from https://www.wxpython.org.

PyQt is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on MacOS X. More information can be found athttps://riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/intro.

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4.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac¶

The “Build Applet” tool that is placed in the MacPython 3.6 folder is fine forpackaging small Python scripts on your own machine to run as a standard Macapplication. This tool, however, is not robust enough to distribute Pythonapplications to other users.

The standard tool for deploying standalone Python applications on the Mac ispy2app. More information on installing and using py2app can be foundat http://undefined.org/python/#py2app.

4.6. Other Resources¶

The MacPython mailing list is an excellent support resource for Python users anddevelopers on the Mac:

Another useful resource is the MacPython wiki: